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The outbreak of World War II in Europe completely changed the situation of Polish cultural and literary life. All institutions were liquidated by the Nazi and Soviet occupiers. Artists were forced to create in secrecy or in exile. Polish Literature during World War II suffered tremendous loses under the occupation; however, writers did continue to produce works both underground (''Polska podziemna'') and abroad (''Polska walcząca'').〔( Literatura II wojny światowej. Opis epoki. ) ''Streszczenia.pl.'' Retrieved September 26, 2011.〕〔Dorota Blednicka, („Medaliony” na tle ówczesnej literatury wojennej. ) ''Kulturalna Polska'' (Klp.pl). Retrieved September 26, 2011.〕〔Janusz Termer, ( Komu jest dziś potrzebny pisarz? ) Portal artystyczno - literacki ''Pisarze pl''. Retrieved September 26, 2011. 〕 ==Background== For the first generation, after gaining independence in 1918, September 1939 began with the darkest scenario. The fledgling country faced again the brutality of war and the sorrow of the loss of freedom. The development of literature and culture however was very active during the German occupation: the underground press was set up and groups of young writers started to form. Warsaw was not only the capital of Poland but also the main cultural capital. Warsaw University started to operate in the underground, which helped to maintain a patriotic spirit, not only in cultural aspects but also in military ones. People from the "Columbus generation" became the most creative: Krzysztof Kamil Baczynski, Tadeusz Gajcy, and Andrzej Trzebiński were the best known - and established the specifics and tendencies of Polish war literature. In German-occupied territories, there were also active writers from the older geneation: Leopold Staff, Maria Dąbrowska, Zofia Nałkowska, Jarosław Iwaszkiewicz, Jerzy Zagorski, and Czesław Miłosz. Writers, who were startled by the invasion of the Soviet Union started to work for the communist monthly magazine ''Nowe Widnokregi'' (''New Horizons''), and many of them worked later in Polish Patriots Union (ZPP – Zwiazek Patriotow Polskich). Some of these were: Wanda Wasilewska, Jerzy Putrament, and Adam Wazyk. Many writers were arrested, taken to labour or concentration camps or to Soviet camps. The voice of writers on emigration was also audible. Many of them found asylum in Great Britain and the United States. In France the weekly magazine ''Polish News'' was published. Despite the tough historical circumstances, war literature was very varied in many terms. It was multigenerational work that surprised by its diversity of views and thoughts. Poetry was the most popular type of literature in those times and the lyrics of young artists (Baczynski, Gajcy, Borowski) characterised the deepest tone. In the time of war and occupation developed also prose writing (Andrzej Trzebinski, Tadeusz Gajcy), where the short forms dominated such as novellas and short stories (Jaroslaw Iwaszkiewicz, Jerzy Andrzejewski). Literature was also the evidence of truth about war, it was notable especially in autobiographical-confessional forms – diaries and memoirs (Maria Dąbrowska, Zofia Nałkowska, Andrzej Trzebinski). During the war Non-fiction blossomed, in an attempt to describe a time of contempt: (Melchior Wankowicz, Jozef Czapski, Gustaw Herling-Grudzinski, Borowski). 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Polish literature during World War II」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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